How To Relieve Sore Muscles: The Best Foods, Tools & Pro Tips

If you want to build muscle and gain strength, muscle soreness is inevitable. Yet everywhere you look, someone is promoting the latest and greatest hack for relieving sore muscles quickly. We reached out to exercise physiologists to get the scoop on which of these tools and techniques are actually effective—and which ones are overhyped with little science to back them up.

During exercise, your muscle fibers get micro-tears. To repair damaged muscles, your body responds with acute inflammation to absorb the damaged cells and get rid of them. This breakdown and repair process is how you gradually get stronger, fitter, and grow muscle.

"Acute muscle soreness is commonly experienced during a training session or in the hours following a workout," says exercise physiologist Rachelle Reed, Ph.D. "When soreness doesn't occur until 12-24 hours following exercise and persists for up to three to seven days, it is typically referred to as delayed onset muscle soreness or DOMS." 

"Some soreness after hard-for-you or new-to-you training is normal. But it should be manageable (i.e., not interfere with your ability to go about your typical day)," explains Reed. "You should be able to recover from a tough training session within a day or so and be able to jump back into your next workout thereafter, most of the time." 

Over time, you can expect your body to become less sore after doing the same movements. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, either. "The first time you do something unaccustomed, it hurts; do it again, and it hurts way less. A third time, even less," says Stuart Phillips, Ph.D., FACSM, FCAHS, a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at McMaster University.

Every time you exercise, you create some muscle damage, but that doesn't mean you'll be sore after every workout. Bigger muscle groups like your quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes might be prone to more soreness. Likewise, certain types of exercise may create more damage and, by extension, more soreness. 

According to Reed, you are more likely to experience soreness if you're trying something new exercise-wise and do too much too soon, if you're returning to more structured programming or exercise routines after a considerable time away, or if you're participating in a lot of eccentric-heavy activities. 

"Eccentric movements may induce micro-injury1 to the muscle tissue more so than other types of muscular contractions," Reed explains. "The severity of soreness depends on the types of forces placed on the muscle during exercise. For example, running down a hill places more force on a muscle than walking down the same hill." 

When considering tools like massage guns or balls that use percussion and vibration therapy, Reed says there is some compelling evidence that their use can reduce feelings or perceptions of pain and soreness. 

"In a study of female adults2, vibration therapy with the Theragun and traditional massage were equally effective in the prevention of DOMS. Notably, vibration therapy showed a clinically early reduction of pain post-exercise," says Reed.

Because muscle soreness is caused by inflammation, a diet that is rich in anti-inflammatory foods and low in pro-inflammatory foods can help you recover and combat soreness. 

"Examples of anti-inflammatory foods are vegetables, fruits, and omega-3-rich foods like salmon, tuna, and chia seeds. These foods all contain nutrients that help to alleviate inflammation in the body, including what is caused by exercise," explains Emily N. Werner, Ph.D., R.D., CSSD, a registered dietitian and exercise physiologist.

"Pro-inflammatory foods are foods high in saturated fat (e.g., anything fried, chips, pastries) and alcohol. Pro-inflammatory foods tend to exacerbate inflammation and don't really help with muscle soreness or recovery," Werner adds. 

Of course, no conversation about muscle recovery would be complete without mentioning protein. Protein is well known for its role in rebuilding and repairing muscle tissues broken down during exercise. Most active people should aim to consume at least 100 grams of high-quality protein per day for optimal health. 

RELATED READ: How To Eat More Protein: Tips, Foods & a Sample Meal Plan

Werner adds that drinking water and tart cherry juice can also help ease muscle soreness. "Water consumption is important because it helps maintain hydration, which is beneficial for decreasing excessive inflammation. Tart cherry juice is rich in anthocyanins3, which are anti-inflammatory polyphenols." 

Research on ice baths and cold-water immersion has exploded over the past decade. And experts agree that settling into a bath of ice can help reduce muscle soreness6.

"This 2021 meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled7 trials suggests that hot and cold therapy can reduce delayed muscle soreness in adults," says Reed. The review found that taking an ice bath within one hour of exercise had pain-relieving effects for up to 24 hours, but no obvious effects were seen after 24 hours. 

However, there is no clear answer on whether cold-water immersion benefits muscle function. Phillips, for one, thinks the evidence for its performance benefit is lacking. "There is a body of evidence showing that ice baths too often can impair muscle growth8," he says. "I think this is because the bath causes constriction of blood vessels that impairs a necessary amount of blood flow needed for growth to occur."

Research also shows that regular cold-water immersion can also interfere with protein synthesis9, though it doesn't seem to impact aerobic (cardio) performance.

There's a long-standing debate in the sports medicine and fitness space over whether to use ice or heat to relieve sore muscles, and the research doesn't point to one clear winner. On one hand, cold therapy10 slows circulation, which could reduce the swelling and pain associated with a new injury. On the other hand, heat therapy increases circulation, which could help relieve tight and sore muscles11. 

In one 2017 study12, low-level continuous heat wraps that were left on for eight hours after heavy exercise reduced DOMS in participants. There was also a small benefit to applying heat 24 hours after exercise. However, Reed adds that another 2022 study13 concluded that "heat or cold therapy in the first 30 minutes after intense eccentric exercise does not prevent DOMS," so the research here is a bit mixed.

At the end of the day, hot and cold therapy are safe for most adults who are using them appropriately, so it may just come down to personal preference. You may even consider combining them into a hot-cold routine (here's a primer on that).

Athletes and recreational exercisers have used magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) baths for decades to alleviate muscle soreness. However, this technique has only been anecdotally proven. 

The heat can help increase blood flow to your muscles, which may help with the recovery process11, but there are mixed results14 when it comes to the effectiveness of Epsom salts themselves.

Self-myofascial release (SMR) is a popular intervention that uses tools like foam rollers, lacrosse balls, or massage sticks to help release tension in muscles, improve muscular performance and flexibility, and alleviate muscle soreness. 

Stretching is another topic of much debate in the fitness world. In a review of 12 studies,16 stretching before, after, or before and after exercise did not result in significant reductions in delayed-onset muscle soreness in healthy adults. While static stretching17 after a workout doesn't appear to improve DOMS, active recovery might. 

When you're sore, you may be tempted to take an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain reliever, like ibuprofen or aspirin, but experts don't recommend this strategy. Although Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may quickly relieve the pain associated with muscle soreness, suppressing inflammation during this recovery process can actually slow recovery long term.

Warming up with dynamic exercises like slow jogging, biking, jumping rope, or lifting lighter weights before a workout may reduce muscle soreness. 

"It's generally accepted that a dynamic flexibility warmup19 that's specific to the movement patterns in your workout is beneficial," says Reed. "From a safety perspective, a dynamic flexibility workout can gradually increase heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and blood flow, prepping the body for the upcoming workout." 

From a nutrition standpoint, Werner recommends eating anti-inflammatory foods that are also rich in carbohydrates before a workout. "Then, after you've had a carbohydrate-rich snack before exercise, the best thing to drink to avoid excess soreness is water," she says. "Maintaining hydration is crucial for recovery from exercise and mitigation of muscle soreness."

To prevent soreness from muscle strain or injury, it's important to do exercises the right way and use proper lifting form. 

Eat a snack or meal within an hour of finishing your workout to maximize your recovery potential. After a workout, the priority is to refuel with carbs, repair with protein, and rehydrate. 

"My perfect post-workout snack is a smoothie with tart cherry juice, a scoop of vanilla whey protein, and a handful of frozen mixed berries. That smoothie recipe helps replenish hydration, fight inflammation and soreness, rebuild and refuel your muscles," says Werner.

Getting seven to nine hours of good-quality, restful sleep every night is important for optimal health, but it also plays a role in muscle protein synthesis, which is necessary to repair damaged muscles. 

Spread out your workouts so that you are waiting about 48 hours before working the same muscle groups again. It's OK to do active recovery or light exercises with the same muscle groups, but you'll want to avoid training the same muscles at the same intensity or duration on back-to-back days. 

Many experts agree that total rest or immobilization is not a great idea, even if you're sore. Instead, active recovery is recommended, as it increases blood flow to the muscles and joints and improves recovery. 

Sore muscles are inevitable if you work out, but not all pain is good pain. Some diseases and medications can cause muscle soreness, so it's important to check in with your medical provider if you think something is wrong. 

"When you are a new exerciser, it can take a little while to get used to the feeling of post-workout soreness. Generally speaking, muscle soreness should resolve within a day or two post-workout and should not significantly interfere with your quality of life or your ability to go about your day as normal," says Reed. 

Muscle soreness does not typically require medical attention. If you experience debilitating pain, notice swelling in your limbs, and/or if your urine color is dark, it's important for you to seek medical attention right away.

Sore muscles, though uncomfortable, come with the territory of getting stronger. That said, there are some things you can do before, during, and after exercising to bring the pain down.

There's some compelling research on the benefits of percussion therapy, ice baths, and hot therapy for easing muscle soreness and assisting with recovery. So if you have access to a massage gun or sauna after exercising, by all means, take advantage of them.

However, the best way to tend to your muscles is to eat a healthy diet, stay hydrated, and ensure you're resting enough. Prioritize anti-inflammatory foods before and after working out, drink plenty of water, and get a solid night's sleep every night to help your body bounce back after the work you put it through.

While there are many trendy (and expensive) recovery tools and interventions, they're not necessarily the foundation on which you should build your recovery strategy.